****************************************************************************************************************

$BBh(B 128 $B2s(B $BBg5$3$MN7wJ*M}7O%;%_%J!<(B $B$N$*$7$i$;(B

$BF|!!;~!'(B 11$B7n(B 20$BF|(B($BLZ(B) $B8aA0(B 9:30
$B>l!!=j!'(B$BDc292J3X8&5f=j(B $B?7Eo(B 3$B3,(B $B9VF2(B

$BH/I=$B5FCO(B $B0l2B(B ($BEl5~Bg3X5$8u%7%9%F%`8&5f%;%s%?!<(B COE$B8&5f0w(B)
$BBj!!L\!'(BMadden-Julian$B?6F0$NEAGEFC@-$K4X$9$k%G!<%?2r@O8&5f(B

$BH/I=$B;3Cf(B $B9/M5(B ($B5$8u%b%G%j%s%09V:B(B $B=u65 $BBj!!L\!'(B$B29CH2=$KH<$&3$MN@8BV7O$*$h$S%5%s%^$NJQ2=(B

****************************************************************************************************************

Madden-Julian$B?6F0$NEAGEFC@-$K4X$9$k%G!<%?2r@O8&5f(B ($B5FCO(B $B0l2B(B) $BH/I=MW;](B :

  
 2$BG/A0$^$G0QBw3X@8$H$7$F8f@$OC$K$J$C$F$$$?5FCO$G$9!#@h:"$h$&$d$/Gn;N$N(B 
 $B3X0L$,GH?t(B1-3$B$H$$$&Bg$-$J?eJ?5,LO$r;}$C(B 
 $B$?BPN.AH?%$H=[4D$NEl?J!"(B30-90$BF|$H$$$&<~4|@-$K$h$C$F$3$N8=>]$OFCD'$E$1(B 
 $B$i$l$k!#(BMadden and Julian (1971,72)$B$,$3$N8=>]$rH/8+$7$F$+$i$3$l$^$G$K(B 
 $BHs>o$KB?$/$N8&5f$NC_@Q$,$"$k$K$b$+$+$o$i$:!"(BMJO$B$NK\5eE_5($N(BMJO$B$KH<$$@VF;0h$r0l<~$9$k?e>x5$%7%0%J%k(B  
      MJO$B$N<~4|@-$K$D$$$F$NM}2r$r?<$a$k$?$a$K!"1R@1$+$iF@$i$l$k9b@:EY$N?e(B 
    $B>x5$%G!<%?5Z$S(BECMWF$B5R4Q:]2r@O%G!<%?$rMQ$$$F8&5f$r9T$C$?!#8&5f$NL\E*$O(B 
    $B0l$D$N2>@b!V(BMJO$B$O@VF;0h$r<~2s$9$kBg5$>qMp$K$h$C$F0];}$5$l$F$$$k$N$+!W(B 
    $B$r8!>Z$9$k$3$H$G$"$k!#(B 
      SST$B$NEl@>Hs0lMM@-$J$I$NM}M3$K$h$j(BMJO$B$NEAGEFC@-$OElH>5e$H@>H>5e$G(B 
    $B$OA4$/0[$J$k$3$H$,CN$i$l$F$$$k!#(BSST$B$NHf3SE*9b$$ElH>5e$G$OBPN.3hF0$H(B 
    $BBg5$>qMp$,Aj8_:nMQ$7$J$,$iLs(B6m/s$B$N0LAjB.EY$GEl?J$9$k$N$KBP$7!"(BSST$B$,(B 
    $BHf3SE*Dc$$@>H>5e$G$OBPN.3hF0$r$[$H$s$IH<$o$:Bg5$>qMp$N$_$,Ls(B20m/s$B$G(B 
    $BEl?J$9$k!#@>H>5e$r2#CG$9$k$3$N>qMp$,Z$9$k$N$,K\8&5f$NL\E*$G$"$k!#(B 
      $BCm0U?<$/%3%s%]%8%C%H2r@O$r9T$C$?7k2L!"1R@1$+$iF@$i$l$?2D9_?eNL@5(B 
    $BJP:9$OBg5$>qMp$HF14|$7$F@VF;0h$r0l<~$9$k$3$H$,J,$+$C$?!#$3$N2D9_?eNL(B 
    $B@5JP:9$,@>H>5e$r2#CG$7!"ElH>5e$KC#$9$k$H!"ElIt%$%s%IMN$G?6I}$r6/$a$?!#(B 
    $BElIt%$%s%IMN$G$O$3$N2D9_?eNLC_@Q3+;O$+$i?tF|8e$KqMp$K$h$C$F0];}(B 
    $B$5$l$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$?!#(B  $B0J>e$N7k2L$O!"(BMJO$B$O@VF;0h$r<~2s$9$kBg5$>q(B 
    $BMp$K$h$C$F0];}$5$l$F$*$j!"(BMJO$B$N<~4|$OBg5$>qMp$,@VF;0h$r0l<~$9$k$N$K(B 
    $BMW$9$k;~4V$K$h$C$F7hDj$5$l$F$$$k2DG=@-$,$"$k$3$H$r<(:6$7$F$$$k!#(B      
  
 2. TOGA COARE$B4|4VCf$N(BMJO$B$KH<$&BPN.%7%9%F%`$NH/C#2aDx$K8+$i$l$k(B3$BCJ3,9=B$(B 
      $BCH?e0h$G$N(BMJO$B$NEl?JB.EY$K4X$9$kCN8+$rF@$k$?$a$K!"(BTOGA COARE$B4|4VCf$N(B 
    $B%>%s%G%G!<%?5Z$S(BGMS$B@V30Ey2A9uBN29EY%R%9%H%0%i%`%G!<%?$rMQ$$$F!"(BMJO 
    $B$KH<$&BPN.H/C#$NMM;R$rD4$Y$?!#(BMJO$B$KH<$&BPN.3hF0$OBg5,LO$J6-3&AX<}B+(B 
    $B$N2<$GCJ3,E*$KH/C#$9$k$3$H$,J,$+$C$?!#$D$^$jBPN.3hF0$O(B1)$BM^@)4|(B($B$[$H$s(B 
    $B$IBPN.3hF0$,8+$i$l$J$$(B)$B!"(B2)$BAX@Q1@H/C#4|(B($B@Q1@$K$h$C$F7A@.$5$l$k@u$$BP(B 
    $BN.H/C#%9%F!<%8(B)$B!"(B3)$BH/C#4|(B($BB?$/$N1@$,M;2rAX9bEY$^$GH/C#$9$k(B)$B$r7P$FBg(B 
    $B5,LO$KAH?%2=$9$k@.=O4|(B(4)$B$r7^$($k$3$H$,J,$+$C$?!#0J>e$N7k2L$OCH?e0h(B 
    $B$G$N(BMJO$B$NEl?JB.EY$rM}2r$9$k$?$a$K$O!"$3$l$iAG2aDx$r>\$7$/M}2r$9$kI,(B 
    $BMW$,$"$k$3$H<(:6$7$F$$$k!#(B 
  
 3. $BKLH>5e2F5($HE_5($G0[$J$k(BMJO$B$NEAGEFC@-(B 
      MJO$B$NEAGEFC@-$O5(@a$K$h$C$F0[$J$k;v$,;XE&$5$l$F$$$k(B(Wang and Rui, 
    1990)$B!#KLH>5eE_5($K$O!">e=R$7$?$h$&$JEl?JEAGE$,82Cx$G$"$k$N$KBP$7!"(B 
    $BKLH>5e2F5($K$OEl?JEAGE$K2C$(%$%s%IMN5Z$S@>ItB@J?MN$GKL!&KL@>?J$9$k(B 
    $BBPN.3hF0$,8+$i$l$k!#(BMJO$B$KH<$&BPN.3hF0$NKL!&KL@>?J$O%$%s%I%b%s%9!<%s(B 
    $B$N%*%s%;%C%H$H$N4X78@-$J$I$,;XE&$5$l$F$*$j!"$=$N5!9=$rM}2r$9$k$3$H(B 
    $B$O%"%8%"%b%s%9!<%s$rM}2r$9$k>e$GI,MWIT2D7g$G$"$k!#$3$N$h$&$J5(@a$K(B 
    $B$h$k(BMJO$BEAGEFC@-$N0c$$$rD4$Y$k$?$a$KKLH>5eE_5($H2F5($N(BMJO$B$NEAGEFC@-(B 
    $B$NHf3S$r9T$C$?!#$=$N7k2L!"KLH>5e2F5($K$O%b%s%9!<%s=[4D$K$h$C$F4pK\(B 
    $B>l$,$M$8$l$F$$$k$3$H$G!"2CG.$KBP$9$kBg5$$N1~EzFC@-$,JQ$o$j!"BPN.3h(B 
    $BF0$NKL!&KL@>?J$,5/$3$j$d$9$/$J$k$3$H$,<(:6$5$l$?!#(B 
  

$B29CH2=$KH<$&3$MN@8BV7O$*$h$S%5%s%^$NJQ2=(B ($B;3Cf(B $B9/M5(B) $BH/I=MW;](B :

  
 $B!!CO5e29CH2=$KH<$C$F3$MN@8BV7O$,JQF0$7!"$=$l$K0z$-5/$3$5$l$kC:;@7O$r4^$`(B 
 $B3$MNJ*h$C$F$$$k$H;W$&!#$=(B 
 $B$l$i$rMQ$$$F!"CO5e29CH2=$K4X$9$kJQF0$d1F6A$r!"$$$+$K>er7o$K$7$F!"662,9k?M7/$K(B 
 $BH`$N3+H/$7$?%b%G%k(BCOCONUTS$B$rMQ$$$F!"29CH2=/!9$$$$2C8:$J$N$G!"M=HwE*r7o$rMQ$$!"?t==G/Av$i$;$?7k2L$r<($9!#$A$J$_$K!";~7ONs(B 
 $BA4BN$rMQ$$$?$N$G$O$J$/!"FMA3>:29$r0z$-5/$3$7$?$N$G!"29CH2=$N1F6A$r2aBgI>(B 
 $B2A$9$k$3$H$K$J$k$O$:$G$"$k!#(B 
 $B!!29CH2=$KH<$C$F!"0!4(BS$d0!G.BS$K4X$7$F$O$"$^$jJQ2=$,$J$$$,!"0!4(BS$+$i(B 
 $B0!G.BS$KA+0\$9$k;0N&2-$N:.9g?e0h$,:G$bJQ2=$9$k!#$9$J$o$A!"$3$N3$0h$G$O!"(B 
 $BE_4|:.9gAX?/$7!"?"J*%W%i%s%/%H%sG;EY$,8:>/(B 
 $B$9$k!#$=$l$KH<$$!"7>At$NM%@jN($N8:>/!"(Brain$BHf(B(=$BM"=P@8;:Cf$N(BCaCO3/POC)$B$NA}(B 
 $B2C!"(Be-ratio(=$BM"=P@8;:(B/$B0l/$9$k!#$3$l$i$O!"$I$&$b!">:29$K(B 
 $BH<$&@8@.J,2r$N29EY0MB8@-$K$h$kB.EY%"%C%W$H1IM\G;EYDc2<$K$h$k?"J*%W%i%s%/(B 
 $B%H%s$N%0%k!<%W9=@.$NJQ2=$K$h$k$i$7$$(B($B$^$@$A$c$s$HD4$Y$F$$$J$$(B)$B!#(B 
 $B!!$^$?!"(BCOCONUTS$B$GF@$i$l$??e29$dF0J*%W%i%s%/%H%sG;EYJ,I[$r6-3&>r7o$K$7$F!"(B 
 PICES$B$G:G6a3+H/$7$?%5%s%^%b%G%k(B(NEMURO.FISH)$B$r7W;;$7$F$_$?!#$=$N7k2L!"29(B 
 $BCH2=$7$?>l9g$K$O!"%5%s%^$NBND9$O8=:_$N(B30cm$B$+$i(B20cm$BDxEY$K>.$5$/$J$j!"$=$N(B 
 $B7k2L$r?.$8$k$J$i$P!":#@$5*Kv$K$O!";i$N:\$C$?%5%s%^$r2f!9$O?)$Y$i$l$J$/$J(B 
 $B$k!#$^$?!"2sM70h$b;0N&ElJ}2-$KBg$-$/N%$l$k$N$G!"6a3$5y6H$G$O$J$/1sMN5y6H(B 
 $B$K$J$k!#$3$l$O!"/$9$k$H!"CU5{$N@.D9B.EY$,CY$/$J$j(B 
 $BBND9$N4X?t$H$7$FF@$i$l$F$$$k1K$0%9%T!<%I$,CY$/$J$j!"9uD,B3N.$KN.$5$l!"1B(B 
 $B$,K-IY$K$"$k0!4(BS0h$K$?$I$jCe$/$N$,CY$l!"Bg$-$J%5%s%^$K$O$J$j$-$l$J$$$^(B 
 $B$^=)$r7^$(!"F|K\Fn4_0h$K5"Ac$9$k$3$H$K$J$k!#(B 
 $B!!$^$@$^$@9S:o$j$G$O$"$k$,!"==J,$K9%4q?4$r$+$-N)$F$k7k2L$J$N$G!">R2p$9$k!#(B 
 $B?tG/8e$K$O$A$c$s$H$7$?%5%$%(%s%9$K0i$F$?$$$b$N$G$"$k!#(B 
  

-----
$BO"Mm@h(B

$B@PEO(B $B@5 $BBg5$3$MN7w4D6-2J3X@l96(B $BJ*M}7O(B
mail-to:momoko@ees.hokudai.ac.jp / Tel: 011-706-2359