****************************************************************************************************************

$@Bh(J 77 $@2s(J $@Bg5$3$MN7wJ*M}7O%;%_%J!<(J $@$N$*$7$i$;(J

$@F|!!;~!'(J1999$@G/(J12$@7n(J 9$@F|(J($@LZ(J) $@8aA0(J 9:30 $@!A(J 12:00
$@>l!!=j!'(J$@Dc292J3X8&5f=j(J 2F $@Bg9V5A<<(J

$@H/I=$@5FCO(J $@0l2B(J ($@ElBg(JCCSR D2)
$@Bj!!L\!'(J$@5(@aFbJQF0$N%(%M%k%.!<2r@O(J

$@H/I=Xiangdong Zhang (IARC, University of Alaska)
$@Bj!!L\!'(JHeat and Freshwater Budgets and Pathways in the Arctic

****************************************************************************************************************

$@5(@aFbJQF0$N%(%M%k%.!<2r@O(J ($@5FCO(J $@0l2B(J) $@H/I=MW;]!'(J

   $@G.BS$G$OF|JQ2=!"5(@aJQ2=$H$H$b$K5(@aFbJQF0(J( ISV )$@$N>qMp$,El@>Iw!"(J 
 OLR$@>l$GBn1[$7$F$$$k$3$H$,CN$i$l$F$$$k!#(J( Madden et. al ,1971,72 ) 
 $@$3$l$i$N>qMp$O(J30$@F|$+$i(J60$@F|$+$1$FEl8~$-$KCO5e$r#1<~$7$F$$$k!#(J 
 $@5(@aFbJQF0$N%a%+%K%:%`$K$D$$$F$O!"$$$/$D$+$NM}O@$,Ds0F$5$l$F$-$?$,(J 
 (Hayashi(1971),Emanuel(1987))$@!"H/C#$9$kGH$NEl@>%9%1!<%k!"0LAjB.EY$J$I(J 
 $@$,8=]$H0lCW$7$F$*$i$:!"$I$NM}O@$b0lHL$KF10U$rF@$i$l(J 
 $@$kM}O@$K$O$J$C$F$$$J$$!#$^$?!"%G!<%?2r@O$K$*$$$F$bMM!9$J2a5n$N8&5f$,$"(J 
 $@$k$,!"?6F0$r0];}$9$k%(%M%k%.!<$NN.$l$H$$$&4QE@$+$i$N8&5f$O$"$^$j$J$5(J 
 $@$l$F$$$J$$!#(J 
  
   $@$=$3$G!"K\8&5f$G$O(JECMWF$@$N5R4Q:F2r@O%G!<%?$rMQ$$$F!"G.BS0h$N(J 
 $@%(%M%k%.!<2r@O$r9T$J$C$?!#$=$N7k2L!">qMp1?F0%(%M%k%.!<(J(KE)$@!"M-8z(J 
 $@0LCV%(%M%k%.!<(J(AE)$@$O$H$b$K(J30-60$@F|<~4|$GJQF0$7$F$$$F!"(JAE$@$NJ}(J 
 $@$,(JKE$@$h$j$b(J3$@F|$+$i(J7$@F|Dx0LAj$,Aa$$$3$H$,J,$+$C$?!#(J 
 $@$^$?!"(JKE$@$H(JAE$@$N;~4VJQ2=$r$b$H$K%+%F%4%j!l$N2r@O$r$7$?(J 
 $@7k2L!"(JKE$@$NJQ2=$K$H$C$F$O(JAE$@$+$i$NJQ49$,=EMW$G$"$k$3$H$,<(:6$5$l$?!#(J 
 $@$5$i$K!"0LAj$N0c$$$K$h$k(JAE$@$+$i(JKE$@$X$NJQ49$N:90[$O>eAX$G82Cx$K8=$l!"(J 
 $@%$%s%IMN(J - $@@>ItB@J?MN$GBPN.3hF0$,3hH/$J0LAj$N;~$K(JAE$@$,A}2C$7!"(J 
 $@ElItB@J?MN(J-$@Bg@>MN$GBPN.3hF0$,3hH/$J0LAj$N;~$K(JAE$@$,8:>/$9$k$3$H$,L@$i$+(J 
 $@$K$J$C$?!#(J 
  
 $@:#2s$NH/I=$G$O!"%(%M%k%.!<2r@O$r0lJb?J$a$?El@>J}8~$KGH?tJ,2r$7$?(J 
 $@%(%M%k%.!<<};Y!">l$N2r@O$N7k2L$b$"$o$;$F>R2p$9$k!#(J 
  

Heat and Freshwater Budgets and Pathways in the Arctic (Xiangdong Zhang) $@H/I=MW;]!'(J

 The Arctic Mediterranean is important for climate studies because of 
 its unique thermodynamic characteristics and its potential role in 
 freshwater export, which would influences air-sea and ice-sea 
 interactions and may change North Atlantic thermohaline 
 circulation. Because of sparse observation, it is difficult to get 
 consistent and complete estimates of heat and freshwater budgets. In 
 this study, we use a coupled Arctic Ocean/sea-ice model with NCEP/NCAR 
 reanalysis data, long-term gauged river runoff data, precipitation 
 data and estimates of volume transports to examine heat and freshwater 
 budgets and pathways. The model includes the implementations of 
 neptune, flux-corrected-transport algorithm and more sophisticated 
 treatments of heat and freshwater fluxes. We also evaluated 
 uncertainties in the modelling. Results show that the Arctic Ocean 
 gets heat mainly from the Fram Strait branch of Atlantic water. About 
 46TW of heat goes into the Arctic Ocean by the Western Spitzbergen 
 Currents while about 32TW of heat returns due to outflow of the Arctic 
 water. About 43TW of net heat enters the Barents Sea from the GIN Sea 
 where Atlantic water is modified significantly and about 2TW of net 
 heat enters the Arctic Ocean. Estimated net surface heat loss is about 
 19TW and 39TW over the Arctic Ocean and the Barents Sea, respectively.  
 It is also shown that about 887km^3/yr and 321km^3/yr of freshwater 
 enters the Arctic Ocean and the Barents Sea at the ocean 
 surface. About 2013km^3/yr of liquid freshwater goes into the Arctic 
 Ocean through the Bering Strait. 
  
 3010km^3/yr and 1400km^3 of liquid freshwater leaves the Arctic Ocean 
 through the Canadian Archipelago and Fram Strait; respectively. About 
 1923km^3/yr of sea-ice is exported through Fram Strait. Imbalances of 
 heat and freshwater budgets can be accounted for by warmer and saltier 
 trends of modelling. Term balance analyses show how heat and 
 freshwater are redistributed and how climate drifts are caused. In 
 different region and depth, the contribution of physical process to 
 temperature and salinity budgets and imbalance are different. 
  

-----
$@O"Mm@h(J

$@?eED(J $@85B@(J $@!wKL3$F;Bg3XBg3X1!CO5e4D6-2J3X8&5f2J(J
$@Bg5$3$MN4D6-2J3X@l96Bg=[4DNO3X9V:B(J
mail-to:mizuta@ees.hokudai.ac.jp / Tel: 011-706-2357