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$@Bj!!L\!'(JHeat and Freshwater Budgets and Pathways in the Arctic
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Heat and Freshwater Budgets and Pathways in the Arctic (Xiangdong Zhang) $@H/I=MW;]!'(J
The Arctic Mediterranean is important for climate studies because of its unique thermodynamic characteristics and its potential role in freshwater export, which would influences air-sea and ice-sea interactions and may change North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Because of sparse observation, it is difficult to get consistent and complete estimates of heat and freshwater budgets. In this study, we use a coupled Arctic Ocean/sea-ice model with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, long-term gauged river runoff data, precipitation data and estimates of volume transports to examine heat and freshwater budgets and pathways. The model includes the implementations of neptune, flux-corrected-transport algorithm and more sophisticated treatments of heat and freshwater fluxes. We also evaluated uncertainties in the modelling. Results show that the Arctic Ocean gets heat mainly from the Fram Strait branch of Atlantic water. About 46TW of heat goes into the Arctic Ocean by the Western Spitzbergen Currents while about 32TW of heat returns due to outflow of the Arctic water. About 43TW of net heat enters the Barents Sea from the GIN Sea where Atlantic water is modified significantly and about 2TW of net heat enters the Arctic Ocean. Estimated net surface heat loss is about 19TW and 39TW over the Arctic Ocean and the Barents Sea, respectively. It is also shown that about 887km^3/yr and 321km^3/yr of freshwater enters the Arctic Ocean and the Barents Sea at the ocean surface. About 2013km^3/yr of liquid freshwater goes into the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait. 3010km^3/yr and 1400km^3 of liquid freshwater leaves the Arctic Ocean through the Canadian Archipelago and Fram Strait; respectively. About 1923km^3/yr of sea-ice is exported through Fram Strait. Imbalances of heat and freshwater budgets can be accounted for by warmer and saltier trends of modelling. Term balance analyses show how heat and freshwater are redistributed and how climate drifts are caused. In different region and depth, the contribution of physical process to temperature and salinity budgets and imbalance are different.
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